Scenes

Primary- Where the body was found
Secondary-Where more evidence is found
Search Patterns-
A)The Crime Scene Search
1)Boundary Determination (same road in is the same road out)
2)Choice of search pattern (type of search you must preform, ex: car, building, etc.)
3)Instruction to Personnel (people used for search parties, very trustworthy)
4)Coordination (how you go about in line)
5)Termination of the scene search (when are you done?)

Car Search-
-Break the car down into components
-Dont put your hands where you can not see them

Search Patterns:

Spiral-A single person searches out or in. This is used outdoors.







Strip-A search up and down until compleated. Search in lanes.






Grid-Similar to the strip but also searches at right angles to the original lanes.





Zone-Each quadrant is searched . Divide a room into seperate areas, Be sure to have extra techs back you up. Zones can be broken down into extra sections if need be.
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l l l
l A l B l
l l l
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l l l
l C l D l
l l l
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Pie or Wheel-Area divided into pie shaped sections.

You Shall Not

1. Smoke at a crime scene
2. Allow unnecessary people in the scene
3. Touch a telephone
4. Use the bathroom
5. Interior decorate-dont move furniture
6. Dont bring items into the scene such as food/drinks nor shall one partake of anything already there.
7. Shut off lights, open or shut doors or windows unless its a safety issue.
8. Drive or walk over foot, tire or other impression evidence.
9. Touch where the criminal would have
10. Leave department equipment in or at scene

Contamination

Contamination is the alteration or destruction of physical evidence. It is the process that takes peace when a subject comes into contact with the surroundings or the surrounding with the subject.

Contamination is cause by: chemical composition, leakage in envelope or container, evaporation, mixture, mingling of evidence and alterations of garmets.

Suspect and Comparison Samples are suspect materials that consists of stains, hair, fiber and other trace of gross evidence found in the presence of a known standard.

Comparison Material is a sample of material removed and submitted for the purpose of comparison to the suspect material.
Rape: Wet section of carpet/bed sheet then dry section.
Arson: Charred material with suspect material and a "clean" area.

Individual Characteristics:
Identified as originating with a particular person or source.

Class Characteristics:
Characteristics of physical evidence are common to a group of objects or persons, they may be termed, "class" regardless of how thoroughly examined, such evidence can be placed only into a broad category.
EX: hair, soil, glass gragments, tool marks, shoeprints.

Gathering Evidence

*Items are evidence if they:
-Offer clues to suspects
-Suggest how crime was committed
-Are not usually found at the location
-Scene must be photographed
-Carefully collected
-Cast of footprints
-Tracks
-Tool marks
-Never touch anything with your bare hands!

*Chain of Custody-The initial spotting is recorded all the way to the lab and court.

Evidence-->Office-->Evidence lock up-->court

*Recording a crime scene: Field notes must contain:
WHO
WHAT
WHEN
WHERE
HOW
WHY

Field notes are used for:
-Committing observations to writting
-Maintaining an order of events
-Helps jog your memory in court

Evidence Scene Consideration-
-Terminology and definitions
-Procedures
-Case Studies

Types of Evidence:
-Transient-easily changed or lost
-Conditional-Has to be documented at the scene or it could be lost forever-ex: lighting cond.
-Pattern-Imprints or markings
-Transfer-of a physical object to another phsical object
-Associative-associates a victim or suspect to a scene

*Types of evidence:
1. Direct-Testimony of a witness that tie the defendant directly to the commission of the crime. First hand knowledge.
2. Real-"Physical Evidence" it is connected with the commission of the crime and can be produced in court. E: weapons, fingerprints and DNA
3. Demonstrative-Not identical to real evidence even though items are tangeable. Maps, diagrams, sketches, photos, tape recording, video, x-rays, anything that assists witnesses in their testimony.
4. Circumstantial-All evidence other than direct. It infers a series of known facts that help witnesses and juries reach a conclusion. You can ontain a conviction with circumstantial evidence.

An officer should be able to:

* An officer should be able to:
1. Recognize evidence
a-what is it?
b-how do you know?
2. Collect evidence
a-what does it take?
3. Preserve evidence
a-keeping evidence safe
4. Document crime or accident scene

*Essential qualities of the investigator:
1. Detail oriented
2. Education
3. Training
4. Focus
5. Patience
6. Organization
7. Good listening skills
8. Compasion/sympathetic

*Duties of first respondant:
1. Arrive
2. Treat injured
3. Arrest
4. Detain witnesses
5. Block off scence
6. Report to sargent
7. Report crime scene

*Evidence must be gathered in a legally and scientifically sound matter.
This will aid in the determination of criminal activity and the successful prosecution of the criminal case.

*Evidence is people and things any item which establishes the facts of a related criminal case. Items found at the scene of the crime or on the cictim. Items found ont he suspect or in the suspects environment.

*Criminalists are persons trained to:
a. Collect evidence
b. Make scientific tests
c. Asses various types of physical evidence

*Crime scene techniques-Officer at the scene must create an accurate and objective visual record before any items are moved or contaminated.

*Equipment check list:
1. Latex gloves
2. Camera, film
3. Rope, tape
4. Evidence tags
5. Containers
6. Envelopes
7. Magnifier
8. Test tubes, bottles
9. Axe, saw, pry bar, tools
10. First aid kit
11. Chalk, chalk line
12. Compass
13. Fingerprinting kit
14. String, knife
15. Flashlight and batteries
16. Pobing rod, wire
17. Metal detecto9r
18. Generator
19. Lighting
20. Extra clothing

Extra Fingerprinting Information

Here are just a few extra notes on fingerprints.

-Fingerprinting procedures use of digitized, electronic reproduction systems.
-10 Print card, is a card for recording fingerprints and other personal data and then filed for future reference.
-Fingerprint Kits are prints taken from crime scene used to match up with prints from those of suspects. Usually issued to every patrol officer. Contains basic black and white powders.
-Fingerprint impressions are:
1. Latent Print
2. Plastic Print (3-D, dirt, mud, blood, etc.)
3. Visible Print
4. Invisible Print

-Methods of Developing Invisible Prints
1. Powders
2. Fuming
3. Lifting Prints
4. Chemicals

-Powders come in:
1. Black
2. White
3. Colors

-Lifting Prints
*Lift with piece of tape
*Lifters, black, white and clear
*Tape pressed on print
*Lifted to card or form
*Always take note of time, place and date.

-Fuming
*Invisible prints are made visible by cyanoacrylate capors, a chemical reaction. AKA super glue.
*Other chemicals use for this are:
1. Iodine-uses cold or warmed crystals of iodine. Works best on latent prints of fat or oil. Creates yellow/brown umpression. Can be used for paper, wood, metal and skin.
2. Ninhydrin-Suspended in ethyl alcohol or acetone. Sprayed or brushed on item, allowed to air dry. Purple/red stain on ridge pattern. Best if used on porous materials, paper, fabric and older prints.
3. Silver Nitrate-Let dry and exposed to light. Develops as brown outline. Uses on paper, unpainted wood, porous materials.
4. Chem print

-Chemical Processing Table:
1. Process
2. Reaction
3. Colors

-Fingerprints as Evidence:
*Admissible in most courts.
*No 2 Fingerprints are alike.
*Systematic comparisons